untuk dia

 cinta tak sempurna

aku jatuh cinta tapi tak terbalas. 

cinta itu aneh. 

cinta itu tak sejalan dengan emosi. 

cinta itu tak sama dengan karakter. 

cinta itu senyummu

cinta itu kebahagian

cinta adalah rasa yang tak bisa di katakan

cinta itu kamu. 

speech solihin

SUCCESS IS YOU

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

The Honorable, Headmaster

Respectable, all of teachers

Honorable all of parents and all friends of this school

Let us say Alhamdulillahirabbil'alamin to the Almighty Allah Let's thanks to Allah who has been giving us some Tender Mercies and blessings so we can attend and gather in this place in good condition and happy situation.

May peace and Salutation always be given to the noble of islam, prophet Muhammad peace be upon him  who has been guided us from the darkness to the lightness, from stupidity to the cleverness, from jahiliyyah era to the islamic era namely islam , our true religion.

My beloved friends ...

I would like to deliver my speech entitled: "success is you".

Success is simple, success has nothing to do with being rich,

Success is not as complicated like they say

SUCCESS is you!

The greatest success on yourself. According to Antoni Robin success is a continuous process to be better physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, socially, and financially while contributing positive to others.

First, What is successful in physical terms. The concept is that we must maintain our physical to stay healthy. However, we will be a productive human with a healthy and strong. How to maintain our physical ?? of course, with coverage of food and a healthy lifestyle. Exercising and eating regularly and avoiding foods that are not good for our bodies. If you are healthy then it is your success

Second, what is a success in terms of the intellectual. The concept is that we believe that the Quran and al-Sunnah is a source of intellect. Intellectual is the thinking of intelligent people, sensible, knowledgeable high, obedience to religion and critical in responding to social problems. Success is not only about study in the school but also success is how mature our intellectual property is not limited to education. It means that you can collaboration your intellectual with appropriate action .. So as an intellectual people you must be a good model for everyone. So if you want to succeed then follow utlubul ilma minal mahdi ilal lahdi (Seek knowledge from an early age to death)

Third, What is a success in terms of emotional, spiritual. After having a healthy physical and intellectuals, we also need to provide enough food for our spiritual. Read al-Quran and listening to religious lectures is our way to improve the emotional, spiritual. Improve your emotional then there will be synergy between your hearts and minds. Often we hear of crime and violence, this is because given the lack of spiritual intake of the balance between mind and heart. So in other words it is your success.

Fourth, What is successful in social terms. Social life with a wide variety of human characters and the environment, we should be able to adapt to the social conditions that exist around us. Society means how we relate in a variety of activities in the neighborhood, so when you have been able to participate in society then you have been successful in society.

The last, What is successful in financial terms. Work is the way you earn money that will improve your economy. We often mistakenly think that the economics of the established level then we have been successful. Indeed in the financial success is how we take advantage of the wealth we have for good

My beloved friends ...

Based on my explanation above all these points will contribute. The real success is part of the role of your mission. True success is to live with gratitude for all the grace of God, a successful real is to enjoy and be grateful for every second of your life, when you are happy, you are happy completely, whereas when you are sad, you are sad completely, after that you have to be prepared again facing a new episode again

MAN JADDAH WA JADDAH (WHO earnest)

My beloved friends ...

I think that’s all my speech. I hope it is will be useful for us.
Finally, I would like to say sorry if there are mistakes, thank you very much for your attention.

Wassalamualaikum wr. wb.

sosiolinguistics

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society.

1.      DIALECTS

All speakers of english can talk to each other and pretty much understand each other, yet no two  speak exactly alike. Some difference are die, age, sex, state. Or healht, size, personality, emotional state and pesonal idiosyncrasles. That each person speaks somewhat differently fom all other is shown by our ability to recognize acquaintances by hearin them talk the unic characteristics of the language of an individual speakers are  reffered to as the speakers; idiolect. english may then be said to consist of 400.000 idioects , or  the number  equal o the number of speakers of english.

Beyond these individual differences, the language of a group of people may show regular variations from that used  by other  group of speakers of thet language. When the english of speakers in different geo graphical regions and from different social groups shows systematic differences, the groups are said to speak different dialects of the same language. The dialects of a single language my thus be defined as mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic ways from each other.

It is not always easy to decide whether the systematic differences between two speech communities reflect two dialect or two different languages. A rule of thumb definition can be used. When dialect become mutually unintelligible when the speaker of one dialect group can no longer understand the speakers of another dialect group these dialects become different languages. However , to difine “mutualy inteelgible” is  become it self difficult task.

2.      LINGUA FRANCA

Many areas in the world are populated by people speakin divrgent languages. In such areas, where group desire social or commercial communication, one language is often used by common agreement . such a languge is called a LINGUA FRANCA.

In medieval terms, a trae language came into use in the medditeranian parts. It consisted of italian mixed with frenchy , spanish , greek and arabic , and it was called lingua franca, “frankish language”. The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus , any language can be a lingua franca.

English has been called “the lingua franca of the whole world,”french , at one time , was “the lingua franca of diplomacy.”and atin and greek were the lingua francas of cristianity in the west and east,respectively, for a millenium . yiddish has iong served as a lingua franca.

More frequantly, lingua francas serve as “trade languages” east africa is populated by hundred of tribes , each speaking its own language , but most africans of this areas learn at least some swahili as a second language. A  similar situation exist in west africa , where hausa is the lingua franca.

Hindi and undu are lingua franca of idia and pakistan,respectively. The linguistic situation of this are of the world is so complex that there are often regional lingua francas. Usualy the popular dialects near commercial centers . the same situation existed in imperial china.

In modern china , the chinnese language a whole is often reffereo to as zhong wen , which technicaly refers to the writen language ,whereas zhonguo refers to the spoken language, ninety four percent of the peope living in the people’s republics  of china are said to speaks han language groups that for the most part are the mutualy unintelligible .within each group there are hundred of dialects . in addiction to these han language , there are more than fivty “national minority” languages  including the five  principal ones , mongolian , ulghur,tibetan ,zhuang, and korean .the situation is clearly complex, and for his reason an extensive language reform policy was inaugurated to spread a standard language called putonghua, which embodies the pronounciation of the beijing (peking) dialects, the grammar of northern chinese dialects, and the vocabulary of modern colloquial chinese. The native languages and dialects are not considered inferior, rather the approach is to spread the common speech. ( the literal meaning of potonghua ) so that all may communicate with each other in this lingua franca.

Certain lingua francas arise naturally, others are developed by goverment policy and intervention. In many places of the world, however, people still cannot speak with neighbors only a few miles away.

3.       STYLES

Most speakers of a language know many ‘ dialect’. They use one dialect when out with friends, another when on a job interview of presenting a report in class, and another when talking to their parents. These ‘situation dialects’ are called style.

Nearly everybody has at least an informal and a formal style. In an informal style the rules of contraction are used more often , the syntactic rules of negationand agreement may be altered, and many words are used that do not occur in the formal style. Many speakers have the ability to use a number of different styles, ranging between the two extremes of formal and informal.

Many cultures have rules of social behavior that strictly govern. In some in European language there is the distinction between ‘you (familiar)’ and you (polite). German du and French tu are to be used only with ‘intimate’. Sie and vous  are more formal and used with nonintimates. In Indonesia we use kau and anda  or saudara and in Javanese we use koe and sampean ; French even has a verb tutoyer, when means to use the to form and german used the verb dozen to express the informal or less horrific style of speaking.

4.      SLANG

One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of slang. Almost everyone uses slang on some occasions, but it is not easy to define the word. Slang has been defined as one of those things that everybody can recognize and nobody can define. The use of slang, or colloquial language introduces many new words into the language by recombining old words into new meaning. Spaced out, right on, hang up , and rip off have all galned a degree of acceptance. Slang may also introduce an entirely new word, such as barf, fluh, and pooped. Finally, slang often consists of ascribing totally new meanings to old words. Grass and pot widened their meaning to “marijuana”. Plg and fuzz are derogatory terms for “policeman”,rap, cool,dig, stoned bread and split have all extended their semantic domain.

The words we have cited sound “slangly” because they have not gained total acceptability. Words such as dwindle, freshman, glib, and mob are former slang words that in time overcame their “unsavory” origin. It is not always easy to know where to draw the line between “slang” words and “regular” words. This conclusion seems always to have been around. In 1890, John S. Farmer,coeditor with W.E. Henley of Slang and its Analogues,remarked: “The borderland between slang and the “Queen’s English” is an I’ldefined territory, the limits of which have never been clearly mopped out”.

One generation’s slang is another generation’s standard vocabulary, fan (as in ‘Dodger fan”) was once a slang term, short for fanatic, phone, too, was once a slang clipped version of telephone as tv was of television. In Shakespear’s time, fretful and dwindle were slang and more recently blimp and hot dog were both “hard-core” slang.

The use of slang varies from region to region, so slang in New York and slang in Los Angeles differ. The world slang itself is slang in british English for “scold”. Similarly slang in Jakarta is not the same as slang in Palembang.

5.      JARGON OR ARGOT

Practically every conceivable science, profession, trade and occopution has its own set of words, some of which are consideret to be “slang” and others “technical”, depending on the status of the people using these “in” words are sometimes called Jargon or Argot. Linguistic jargon some of which is used in this book, consists of terms such as phonemes ,morpheme, case, lexicon,phrase structure rule and so on.

Because the jargon terms used by different professional groups are so extensive (and so obscure in meaning), Court reporters is the Los Angeles Criminal Courts Building have a library that includes books on medical terms, guns, trade names, and computer jargon as well as street slang.

The computer age not only ushered in a technological revolution. It also introduced a huge jargon of “computerese” used by computer “hackers”, including the words modern (a blend of modulator), bit (a contraction of binary digit), byte (a collection of some number of bits), floppy a noun or adjective referring to a flexible disk), ROM (an acronym for Read only memory) RAM ( AN ACRONYM FOR RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY), and morf (an abbeviation for the question male questions male or female?)

Many jargon tems pass into tothe standart language. Jargon . like slang ,spreads from a narrow group until it is used and understood by a large segments of the population.

Speakers may use different style of their dialects depending on the particular context. Slang is not often used in formal situation or writing , but is widely used in speech.argot and jargon refer to the  unique vocabulary used by a professional or trade group and not shared “outside”.

6.      DIALECT AND ACCENT

Every person has an individual way of speaking , called an idiolect. The language used by a group of speakers may also show systematic differences called dialect. The dialect of a language are the mutually intelligible forms Of that language that deffer in systematic ways from each other. Dialects develop and are reinforced because languages change, and the changes that occur in one group in area may differ from those that occur In another.

Dialect differences include phonological or pronounciation differences (often called accents), vocabulary distinctions and syntactic rule differences. The differences between dialects are not as great as the similarities, permitting speakers of different dialects to communicate with each other.

7.      PUDGIN AND CREOLE

In area where many languages are spoken, one language may become lingua franca to ease communication among the people. In other cases, where traders or rnissionaries or travelers need to communicate with people who speak a language unknown to them, a pidgin may develop, based on one language that is simplified lexically, phonologically, and syntactically. When a pidgin is widely used and is learned by children as their first language, it is creolized. The grammars of creole languages are similar to those of other languages and languages of creole origin now exis in many parts of the world.

8.       TABOO AND EUPHEMISM

In all societies certain acts or behaviors are frowned on, forbidden,or consideret taboo. The words or expressions referring to these taboo acts are then also avoided or considered “dirty”. Language itself cannot be obscene or clean. The rejected of specific words of linguistic expressions only reflectcs the culture of a given society. At terms slang words may be taboo, whereas scientific of standard terms with the same meaning are acceptable in polite society. Taboo words andacts give rise to euphemisms, which are words or  phrase that replace the expressions to be avolded. Thus, powder roomn is a euphemism for tollet, which itself started as a euphemism for lavatory, which is now more acceptable that it replancement.

9.   ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE

Since the seventeenth century, scholars have been inventing artificiallanguages with the hope that they would achieve universal acceptance and that universal language would bring universal peace. With stubborn regularity the world has rejected every attempt. Perhaps the world has seen too many civil wars to accepts this idea.

One artificial language has enjoyed some success. Esperanto was invented by the polish scholar Zamenhof , who wrote under the pseudonym of Dr. Esperanto (‘one who hopes’) . he gave his “language” the advantages of extreme grammatical regularity ease of pronounciation and a vocabulary based mainly on European languages. Esperanto is spoken by several million speakers throughout the world, including some who learned it as one of their native languages. There is a literature written in it, a number of institutions teach it, and it is officially recognized by some international organizations.

Conclusion

       In the sociolinguistic difference in the language of sociology sociolinguistic focus in, the effects of society on language and language effects on society. And in sociolinguistics includes about: dialect, language, social, style, slang, jargon or dialect and accent, pudgin and Creole, taboos and Euphemism, and the language to made. advantages of ease in the community language in the association of formal and informal.

REFERENCES

1.       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics

2.       http://oed.com/public/redirect/welcome-to-the-new-oed-online

3.       Lingua franca is discussed in these etymology dictionaries: Ernest Weekley Etymology Dictionary (1921), Eric Partridge Etymology Dictionary (1966), Douglas Harper Etymology Dictionary (2001)

4.       Eckert, Penelope; Rickford, John (2001). Style and sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59789-7.

ESSAY

DECREASE PARTICIPATION OF UNDERGRADUATE

IN ORGANIZATION OF CAMPUS

            University of PGRI has many kinds organization which exist. Each programmed study has an organization which have as member are undergraduate. This organization intends to training all undergraduate become stand alone. Not only accomplish the assignments but also solve the problem with together. As well as, to prepare of undergraduate before they are into environment of social life. This essay will explain about low participation the undergraduate of English Education.

            Several undergraduate of English Education neither they dislike organized nor the lack the ability to communicated, but because they consider when join in organization, they will disturb their activity. Except that, activities of organization often collide with their activity, such as course and studied group. Whereas they want to socialization and know about development of this organization too.

            Based on information about future activity of HMPS Bahasa Inggris organization, at January, 14^th 2012 will be arranging a seminary about developing to learn of English well. In this seminary need supporting of undergraduate in order to be success.  Under graduate can be participated with attend and become members in that seminary. If don’t undergraduate to support this activity of organization, who else??? . To solve this problem, all active partners should arrange meeting with all undergraduate of English education particularly every month. This meeting for socialization and giving information about development  of organization. Notwithstanding, as passive partner in organization they can participated in this way directly or indirectly 

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

Morphology is the study of word formation, was to describe all the basic element  which are used in language. And the Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning.  For example of morpheme: 

1. “The police reopened the investigation” ,
there is consist  of three morphemes. One minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is re- (meaning ‘again’) and a minimal unit of grammatical function is –ed (indicating past tense).

Three principal approaches to Morphology,  there are  :

- Morpheme-based Morphology, which makes use of an Item-and-Arrangement approach.
- Lexeme-based Morphology, which normally makes use of an Item-and- Process approach.
- Word-based Morphology, which normally use of a Word-and Paradigm approach.

Free and bound morphemes

Free morphemes can stand by themselves as single words . Bound morphemes cannot stand by itself as it would have no meaning.
Free morphemes can be subdivided into two categories:

1. Lexical morphemes are words that have some meaning –verbs, adjectives, nouns.
For example : print, house, pretty, fire, go, girl.
2. Functional morphemes, on the other hand, are a closed class of words, prepositions, pronouns.
For example : and, but, when, because, on, near, above, to, that, that, it.

Bound Morpheme which are subdivided into

1. Derivational Morpheme, are those morphemes which produce new words, or change the function of a word.

2. Inflectional morphemes do not create new words, but only show grammatical functions of a word. A good example of an inflectional language could be Latin which has numerous case endings for nouns, as well as endings for verbs and adjectives. For examples :

- To make plural : Boy-boys, car-cars, etc.

- To form tenses : Walk-walked, go-gone, present-presented,etc.

- To make comparison : Long, longer, and longest.

- To show possessive : Boy : Boy’s room, girl’s room, etc.

We noted that there is a morpheme in English, meaning “not” that has the form un and that when combined with adjectives like afraid, fit, free, smooth, American, and British forms the antonyms, or negatives, of  these adjectives – for examples, unafraid, unfit, unfree, unsmooth, un-American, and un-British. We can also add the prefix un- to derived words that have been formed by morphological rules.

Un + believe + able
Un + accept + able
Un + talk + about + able
Un + keep + off + able
Un + speak + able

The rule seems to be freely applicable to an adjectival form derived from a verb, as in unenlightened, unsimplified, uncharacterized, unauthorized, undistinguished, and so on.It’s true, however, that we cannot always know the meaning of the words derived from free and derivational morphemes from the morphemes themselves. The following un + words unpredictable meanings:

Unloosen         loosen, let loose

Unrip               rip, undo by ripping

Undo               reverse doing

Untread                        go back through in the same steps

Unearth                        dig up

Un frock          deprive (in cleric) of ecclesiastic rank

Unnerve           fluster

ALLOMORPH

where the same distinction is effected by alternative forms of a "word", are called allomorphy.

In English, we have word form pairs like ox/oxen, goose/geese, and sheep/sheep, where the difference between the singular and the plural is signaled in a way that departs from the regular pattern, or is not signaled at all.

Even cases considered "regular", with the final -s, are not so simple; the -s in dogs is not pronounced the same way as the -s in cats, and in a plural like dishes, an "extra" vowel appears before the -s.

On the other hand, compounds formed with preposition are in the category of the nonprepositional part of the compounds, such as :

- Overtake (Verb)                                -    Hanger-on (Preposition)

- Undertake (Verb)                              -    Sandown (Preposition)

- Afterbirth (Noun)                              -    Downfall (Noun)

- Uplift (Verb)

. Acronyms
Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words. Such words are pronounced as the spelling indicates. For example :

-  UFO = Unidentified flying Object

-  UNO = United Nation Organization

Blends
Blends are compounds that are less than compounds, or we can say that Blends are the combination of parts of words, as in :

Brunch = Breakfast + Lunch

Chunnel = Channel + Tunnel

Abbrevation
Abbreviation is part of longer words or pharases. The process is sometimes called Clipping, as in :

-  Phone = Telephone

-  Math = Mathematic

Words From Names
The creativity of word coinage (or vocabulary addition) is also revealed by the number of words in English vocabulary that derive from proper names individuals or places.

Back Formation

New words may be formed from existing words by substracting an affix. As in :

To edit = derived from the word editor.

To peddle = derived from the word peddler.

Borrowing
            One of the common sources of the new words in English is the process labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages. Throughout its history the English languages has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages. As in :

Alcohol            from Arabic

Boss                 from Dutch

Croissant          from French

Yogurt             from Turkish